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European Union
Heavy-Duty Diesel Engines
The EU’s heavy-duty emission standards are applicable to new motor vehicles with a technically permissible maximum laden mass of over 3,500 kg, with engines that operate on diesel, natural gas or LPG. The first set of standards, Euro I, were introduced in 1992, and since then the EU has progressively sought to tighten these standards. In October 2008 the Euro V standards came into force for new vehicle models issued during the year (the standards became applicable for all existing models a year later). In July 2009 the EU approved a set of stricter emission standards – Euro VI – which will come into force in January 2013 for new models (2014 for new registrations of existing models). To promote the early introduction of Euro VI-certified vehicles, EU member states may utilise tax incentives, subject to a number of conditions. These benefits may also take the form of incentives to encourage the scrapping of existing vehicles or retrofitting existing vehicles in order to meet Euro VI standards.
Heavy Duty Diesel Engine Emission Standards (g/kWh)*
| Legislation | Implementation Date | NOx | CO | HC | PM |
| Euro I | 01/01/1992, < 85 kW
01/01/1992, > 85 kW |
8.00
8.00 |
4.50
4.50 |
1.10
1.10 |
0.61
20.36 |
| Euro II | 01/10/1996
01/10/1998 |
7.00
7.00 |
4.00
4.00 |
1.10
1.10 |
0.25 0.15 |
| Euro III | 01/10/2000 | 5.00 | 2.10 | 0.66 | 0.10 – 0.13 |
| Euro IV | 01/10/2005 | 3.50 | 1.50 | 0.46 | 0.02 |
| Euro V | 01/10/2008 | 2.00 | 1.50 | 0.46 | 0.02 |
| Euro VI | 01/01/2013 | 0.40 | 1.50 | 0.13 | 0.01 |
* based on ESC/ELR test cycle. Dates shown are in relation to new models; regulations for
existing models are applicable a year later.
Passenger Cars and Light Duty Vehicles
The EU’s standards for emissions emanating from new diesel engine passenger cars and light-duty vehicles were first introduced in July 1992 as EC93 (now commonly referred to as Euro 1). The current set of standards, Euro 5, was introduced in September 2009 for new models (January 2011 for all models). There are varying emission standards for passenger cars and light-duty vehicles, with the latter type further sub-divided into four categories according to vehicle mass. The newly-announced standards, Euro 6, are set to be introduced in September 2014 for new models (January 2015 for all models), which entail notable reductions in emission levels for light-duty vehicles. As with the heavy-duty emission standards, EU member states are allowed to use tax incentives in order to encourage the early introduction of Euro 6-compliant vehicles.
Light Commercial Diesel Vehicle Emission Standards (g/km)*
| Legislation | Date | Vehicle Category/Size | NOx | HC + NOx |
CO | PM |
| Euro I | 01/07/1992 | N1, ≤ 1305 kg
N1, 1305 – 1760 kg N1, > 1760 kg |
0.97
1.40 1.70 |
2.72
5.17 6.90 |
0.14
0.19 0.25 |
|
| Euro II | 01/01/1996 | N1, ≤ 1305 kg
N1, 1305-1760 kg N1, > 1760 kg |
0.70
1.00 1.20 |
1.00
1.25 1.50 |
0.08
0.12 0.17 |
|
| Euro III | 01/01/2000 | N1, ≤ 1305 kg
N1, 1305-1760 kg N1, > 1760 kg |
0.5
00.65 0.78 |
0.56
0.72 0.86 |
0.64
0.80 0.95 |
0.05
0.07 0.10 |
| Euro IV | 01/10/2005 | N1, ≤ 1305 kg
N1, 1305-1760 kg N1, > 1760 kg |
0.25
0.33 0.39 |
0.30
0.39 0.46 |
0.50
0.63 0.74 |
0.025
0.040 0.060 |
| Euro V | 01/09/2009 | N1, ≤ 1305 kg
N1, 1305-1760 kg N1, > 1760 kg N2 |
0.18
0.235 0.28 0.28 |
0.23
0.295 0.35 0.35 |
0.50
0.63 0.74 0.74 |
0.005
0.005 0.005 0.005 |
| Euro VI | 01/09/2014 | N1, ≤ 1305 kg
N1, 1305-1760 kg N1, > 1760 kg N2 |
0.08
0.105 0.125 0.125 |
0.17
0.195 0.215 0.215 |
0.50
0.63 0.74 0.74 |
0.005
0.005 0.005 0.005 |
* dates shown are in relation to new models
Passenger Diesel Car Emission Standards (g/km)*
| Legislation | Date | NOx | HC + NOx |
CO | PM |
| Euro I | 01/07/1992 | 0.97 | 2.72 | 0.140 | |
| Euro II | 01/01/1996 | 0.70 | 1.00 | 0.08 | |
| Euro III | 01/01/2000 | 0.50 | 0.56 | 0.64 | 0.05 |
| Euro IV | 01/10/2005 | 0.25 | 0.30 | 0.50 | 0.025 |
| Euro V | 01/09/2009 | 0.18 | 0.23 | 0.50 | 0.005 |
| Euro VI | 01/09/2014 | 0.08 | 0.17 | 0.50 | 0.005 |
* dates shown are in relation to new models; regulations for existing models are applicable a year
later (except for Euro VI – standards apply for all existing models as from January 2015)
Non-Road Vehicle Engines
The EU’s non-road diesel engine emission standards are applicable for several types of equipment, including industrial drilling rigs, bulldozers, forklift trucks, aerial lifts and mobile cranes. The EU typically specifies two types of dates for the implementation of these standards – the market placement date, which applies to all new engines placed on the market (i.e. new and existing models) and the type approval date, which is applicable for new models only (typically comes into force one year before the market placement date). Following the introduction of Stage I and II standards between 1999 and 2004, the new Stage III and IV standards were adopted in April 2004, with the same standards for emissions emanating from agricultural and forestry tractors adopted in February 2005. Stage III standards are further sub-divided into two categories – Stage IIIA and IIIB – with the former coming into force between 2006 and 2008, whilst the latter shall be introduced between 2011 and 2012, depending on engine power. Stage IV regulations, which only pertain to non-road vehicles with a net engine power exceeding 56 kW, shall in turn come into force in 2014.
Stage III A Non-Road Diesel Engine Emission Standards (g/kWh)
| Category |
Date (placement on the market) | HC + NOx | CO | PM |
| 130 ≤ kW ≤ 560 | 01/01/2006 | 4.00 | 3.50 | 0.20 |
| 75 ≤ kW < 130 | 01/01/2007 | 4.00 | 5.00 | 0.30 |
| 37 ≤ kW < 75 | 01/01/2008 | 4.70 | 5.00 | 0.40 |
| 19 ≤ kW < 37 | 01/01/2007 | 7.50 | 5.00 | 0.60 |
Stage III B Non-Road Diesel Engine Emission Standards (g/kWh)
| Category |
Date (placement on the market) | NOx | HC + NOx | CO | PM |
| 130 ≤ kW ≤ 560 | 01/01/2011 | 2.00 | 3.50 | 0.025 | |
| 75 ≤ kW < 130 | 01/01/2012 | 3.30 | 5.00 | 0.025 | |
| 56 ≤ kW < 75 | 01/01/2012 | 3.30 | 5.00 | 0.025 | |
| 37 ≤ kW < 56 | 01/01/2013 | 4.70 | 5.00 | 0.025 |
Stage IV Non-Road Diesel Engine Emission Standards (g/kWh)
| Category |
Date (placement on the market) | NOx | HC + NOx | CO | PM |
| 130 ≤ kW ≤ 560 | 01/01/2014 | 0.40 | 0.19 | 3.50 | 0.025 |
| 56 ≤ kW < 130 | 01/10/2014 | 0.40 | 0.19 | 5.00 | 0.025 |
Inland Waterway Diesel Vessels
Emissions for new diesel engine inland waterway vessels are regulated by the EU’s Stage IIIA standards for non-road diesel engines (there are no Stage IIIB and Stage IV standards). Emission standards vary depending on the vehicle engine’s displacement per cylinder. For engines with a displacement below 2.5 litres per cylinder, the Stage IIIA standards came into force in January 2007, whilst standards for the remaining engines were introduced in January 2009. These standards are largely based on the EPA’s regulations for marine engines, both in terms of stringency and engine categories used.
Inland Waterway Diesel Emission Standards (g/kWh)
| Displacement (dm3 per cylinder) | Date | HC + NOx | CO | PM |
| D ≤ 0.9, kW > 37 | 01/01/2007 | 7.50 | 5.00 | 0.40 |
| 0.9 < D ≤ 1.2 | 01/01/2007 | 7.20 | 5.00 | 0.30 |
| 1.2 < D ≤ 2.5 | 01/01/2007 | 7.20 | 5.00 | 0.20 |
| 2.5 < D ≤ 5 | 01/09/2009 | 7.20 | 5.00 | 0.20 |
| 5 < D ≤ 15 | 01/09/2009 | 7.80 | 5.00 | 0.27 |
| 15 < D ≤ 20, kW ≤ 3300 | 01/09/2009 | 8.70 | 5.00 | 0.50 |
| 15 < D ≤ 20, kW > 3300 | 01/09/2009 | 9.80 | 5.00 | 0.50 |
| 20 < D ≤ 25 | 01/09/2009 | 9.80 | 5.00 | 0.50 |
| 25 < D ≤ 30 | 01/09/2009 | 11.00 | 5.00 | 0.50 |
Rail Traction Vehicles
These standards were announced in April 2004 as part of the EU’s Stage IIIA and IIIB standards for non-road diesel engines. Rail traction vehicles have been categorised into two classes, namely railcars and railroad locomotives. Stage IIIA standards came into force between 2006 and 2009, depending on engine power, whilst Stage IIIB standards shall be introduced in January 2012 for railcars and railroad locomotives.
Stage IIIA Rail Traction Diesel Engine Emission Standards (g/kWh)
| Category (kW) |
Date | NOx | HC + NOx | HC | CO | PM |
| 130 < kW (Railcars) | 01/01/2006 | 4.00 | 3.50 | 0.20 | ||
| 130 ≤ kW ≤ 560 (Railroad Locomotives) |
01/01/2007 | 4.00 | 3.50 | 0.20 | ||
| kW > 560 (Railroad Locomotives) |
01/01/2009 | 0.60 | 0.50 | 3.50 | 0.20 |
Stage IIIB Rail Traction Diesel Engine Emission Standards (g/kWh)
| Category (kW) |
Date | NOx | HC + NOx | HC | CO | PM |
| 130 < kW (Railcars) | 01/01/2012 | 2.00 | 0.19 | 3.50 | 0.025 | |
| 130 < kW (Railroad Locomotives) |
01/01/2012 | 4.00 | 3.50 | 0.025 |
|
Russia
Heavy-Duty Diesel Engines
Russia has introduced European standards to regulate pollutant emissions from new diesel engine vehicles. The current standards are based on Euro III regulations, and were introduced in January 2008 for both manufactured and imported heavy-duty vehicles. Proposals were also in place to introduce Euro IV standards for new cars and imports in January 2010, but the implementation of these regulations was postponed until January 2012 (although vehicles not certified in Russia were still required to comply with Euro IV standards by January 2010). Proposals are also in place for the introduction of Euro V based standards in January 2014.
Russian Federation: Heavy Duty Diesel Engine Emission Standards (g/kWh)
| Reference Legislation | Date | NOx | CO | PM |
| Euro I | 01/01/1999 | 8.00 | 4.50 | 0.36 |
| Euro II | 01/04/2006 | 7.00 | 4.00 | 0.15 |
| Euro III | 01/01/2008 | 5.00 | 2.10 | 0.10 – 0.13 |
| Euro IV | 01/01/2012 | 3.50 | 1.50 | 0.02 |
| Euro V | 01/01/2014* | 2.00 | 1.50 | 0.02 |
* proposed
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Passenger Cars and Light Duty Vehicles
The current diesel engine emission standards for new light-duty vehicles were also introduced in January 2008, based on Euro 3 regulations, with Euro 4 standards expected to come into force in January 2012. These standards are also applicable to both manufactured and imported vehicles.
Russian Federation: Light Duty Diesel Engine Emission Standards (g/km)
| Date |
Reference Legislation |
| 01/01/1999 | Euro I |
| 01/01/2006 | Euro II |
| 01/01/2008 | Euro III |
| 01/01/2012 | Euro IV |
| 01/01/2014* | Euro V |
* proposed
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Non-Road Vehicle Engines
As with the on-road regulations, the non-road vehicle emission standards for new diesel engines are based on their equivalent EU regulations. The standards currently in place are the GOST R41 96-99 regulations, based on the EU’s Stage I standards for non-road vehicles.
Russian Federation: Non-Road Diesel Engine Emission Standards (g/kWh)
| Date | Reference Legislation |
| 01/01/2000 | EU Stage I |
|
Turkey
Heavy-Duty Diesel Engines
Turkey’s emission standards for diesel engine vehicles are based entirely on European legislation, in part due to its EU accession efforts. Currently, new heavy-duty diesel vehicles must comply with Euro IV standards, which have been in place since January 2007 for new models (January 2008 for existing model registrations).
Turkey: Heavy Duty Diesel Engine Emission Standards (g/kWh)
| Date* |
Reference Legislation |
| 01/01/2001 | Euro I |
| 01/01/2007 | Euro IV |
* date applicable for new models. For existing models, compliance is required by October of the same
year.
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Passenger Cars and Light Duty Vehicles
Passenger cars and light-duty diesel vehicles in Turkey must be compliant with Euro 4 emission standards, which have been in place since January 2007 for new models (January 2008 for all new existing models).
Turkey: Passenger Car and Light Duty Diesel Engine Emission Standards (g/km)
| Date |
Reference Legislation |
| 01/01/2001 | Euro I** |
| 01/01/2007 | Euro IV |
* date applicable for new models. For existing models, compliance is required one year later.
** applicable for passenger cars (category M1) only.
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Non-Road Vehicle Engines
At present, emission standards for new non-road diesel vehicles (including mobile non-road vehicles, inland waterway vessels and rail engines) are equivalent to the EU’s Stage IIIA regulations, which were introduced in January 2010. For mobile non-road vehicles with engine power between 37 and 560 kW, Stage IIIB standards are expected to come into force between January 2011 and 2013, whilst proposals are in place for Stage IV standards to become applicable in January 2014 for vehicles with engine power between 130 and 560 kW (October 2014 for power rating between 56 and 130 kW). Similarly, diesel powered rail engines are expected to be compliant with Stage IIIB standards in January 2012.
Turkey: Mobile Non-Road Diesel Engine Emission Standards (g/kWh)
| Date* | Reference Legislation | Reference Legislation |
| 01/04/2003 | 37 ≤ kW ≤ 560 | EU Stage I |
| 01/01/2007 | 18 ≤ kW < 560 | EU Stage II |
| 01/01/2010 | 19 ≤ kW < 560 | EU Stage IIIA |
| 01/01/2011 | 130 ≤ kW < 560 | EU Stage IIIB |
| 01/01/2012 | 56 ≤ kW < 130 | EU Stage IIIB |
| 01/01/2013 | 37 ≤ kW < 56 | EU Stage IIIB |
| 01/01/2014 | 130 ≤ kW < 560 | EU Stage IV |
| 01/01/2014 | 56 ≤ kW < 130 | EU Stage IV |
*market placement dates.
Turkey: Inland Waterway Diesel Engine Emission Standards (g/kWh)
| Date* |
Reference Legislation | Reference Legislation |
| 01/01/2010 | 37 ≤ kW | EU Stage IIIA |
*market placement dates.
Turkey: Rail Diesel Engine Emission Standards (g/kWh)
| Date |
Reference Legislation | Reference Legislation |
| 01/01/2010 | 130 ≤ kW | EU Stage IIIA |
| 01/01/2012 | 130 ≤ kW | EU Stage IIIB |
*market placement dates.
